How US Customs Clearance Works
Every commercial import into the United States must clear US Customs and Border Protection (CBP). Here's the step-by-step process.
Step 1: Importer Security Filing (ISF / 10+2)
When: At least 24 hours before vessel loading at foreign port
The ISF requires 10 data elements from the importer and 2 from the carrier. Late filing results in a $5,000 penalty per violation.
Required information includes:
- Seller, buyer, and manufacturer names/addresses
- Ship-to party and container stuffing location
- HS tariff classification numbers
- Country of origin
Step 2: Entry Filing
When: Within 15 days of cargo arrival
Your customs broker files the entry with CBP, which includes:
- Entry Summary (CBP Form 7501)
- Commercial invoice
- Packing list
- Bill of lading
- Country of origin certificates
- Any required permits (FDA, USDA, EPA, etc.)
Step 3: CBP Review
CBP reviews the entry and may:
- Release immediately — Most common for compliant importers
- Request additional documentation
- Examine the cargo — Physical inspection at the port
- Place a hold — FDA, USDA, or other agency review
Step 4: Duty Payment
Duties are calculated based on:
- HS classification of the goods
- Country of origin
- Declared value (transaction value method)
- Trade agreements (USMCA, GSP, etc.)
- Antidumping/countervailing duties if applicable
- Section 301 duties (China tariffs)
Step 5: Cargo Release
Once CBP clears the entry and duties are paid or bonded:
- Container is released for pickup
- Drayage pickup can proceed
- You typically have 4–5 free days at the terminal
Common Causes of Delays
| Issue | Typical Delay | Prevention |
|---|---|---|
| Late ISF filing | 2–5 days | File 72+ hours before loading |
| Missing FDA prior notice | 1–3 days | File 15 days before arrival |
| CBP exam | 3–7 days | Maintain C-TPAT certification |
| HS classification dispute | 5–30 days | Get binding rulings in advance |
| Missing certificates | 1–5 days | Verify documentation before shipping |
Types of Customs Bonds
| Bond Type | Cost | Best For |
|---|---|---|
| Single Entry | $50–$500 per entry | Occasional importers (<3/year) |
| Continuous | $500–$2,000/year | Regular importers |
Reduce Your Customs Costs
- Classify goods correctly to avoid overpaying duties
- Use Free Trade Agreements where eligible
- Apply for duty drawback on re-exported goods
- Consider Foreign Trade Zones (FTZ) for deferred duty
For detailed customs questions, see our US Customs FAQ or contact our team.
